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ost-World War II Prefabricated Aluminium and Steel Houses le Bohlokoa ba Tsona Kajeno
1. Semelo
Qalong ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše (WW II), beng ba matlo a US ba ne ba theohetse tlase ho 43.6% ka 1940, haholo-holo ka lebaka la Ho Tepella ho Hoholo ha Moruo le moruo o fokolang oa Amerika ka mor'a eona.Nakong ea WW II, Boto ea Tlhahiso ea Ntoa e ile ea fana ka taelo ea Conservation Order L-41 ka la 9 Mmesa 1942, e behang kaho eohle taolong e thata.Taelo e ile ea etsa hore ho hlokahale hore lihahi li fumane tumello ho Boto ea Tlhahiso ea Ntoa ea ho qala kaho e bitsang chelete e ngata ho feta litekanyo tse itseng nakong efe kapa efe e sa khaotseng ea likhoeli tse 12.Bakeng sa kaho ea bolulo, moeli oo e ne e le $ 500, ka meeli e phahameng bakeng sa kaho ea khoebo le temo.Tšusumetso ea lintlha tsena mohahong oa bolulo oa US pakeng tsa 1921 le 1945 e bonahala chate e latelang, e bontšang ho theoha ho hoholo nakong ea Ho Tepella ho Hoholo le hape ka mor'a hore Order L-41 e fanoe.
Mohloli: "Kaho ea Lilemong tsa Ntoa - 1942-45,"
Lefapha la Basebetsi la US, Bulletin No. 915
Qetellong ea WW II, US e ne e na le masole a hakanyetsoang ho limilione tse 7.6 mose ho maoatle.Boto ea Tlhahiso ea Ntoa e ile ea hlakola L-41 ka la 15 Mphalane 1945, likhoeli tse hlano kamora letsatsi la VE (Victory in Europe) ka la 8 Mots'eanong 1945 le libeke tse ts'eletseng kamora hore WW II e felile ha Japane e inehela ka molao ka la 2 Loetse 1945. Likhoeling tse hlano ho tloha ka letsatsi la VE. , masole a ka bang limilione tse tharo a ne a se a khutletse United States.Ka mor'a hore ntoa e lale, US e ne e tobane le ho khutla ha li-veteran tse ling tse limilione tse 'maloa.Ba bangata sehlopheng sena se seholo sa mekaubere ba ne ba tla batla ho reka matlo 'marakeng oa matlo a neng a sa itokisetsa ho fihla ha bona.Ka nako e khuts'oane ea selemo ka mor'a hore Order L-41 e hlakoloe, palo ea khoeli le khoeli ea litšenyehelo tsa matlo a poraefete e ile ea eketseha ka makhetlo a mahlano.Ena e ne e le qalo feela ea ho ata ha matlo ka mor'a ntoa US.
Ka March 1946Saense e TloaelehilengSehlooho sa makasine se reng “Stopgap Housing,” mongoli, Hartley Howe, o hlokometse, “Leha matlo a sa feleng a 1 200 000 joale a hahoa selemo se seng le se seng—’me United States ha e e-s’o ka e haha esita le 1 000 000 ka selemo se le seng—e tla ba lilemo tse 10 pele ho moo. sechaba se lutse hantle.Kahoo, matlo a nakoana aa hlokahala ho thibela lekhalo leo.”E le ho fana ka liphallelo hang-hang, 'muso oa Federale o ile oa fana ka matlo a likete a mangata a setseng a ntoa a Quonset bakeng sa matlo a nakoana a baahi.
Ka lebaka la ho tobana le phephetso e fapaneng hang-hang ka mor'a ntoa, liindasteri tse ngata tsa nako ea ntoa li ile tsa khaola kapa tsa hlakoloa 'me tlhahiso ea lifeme e sa sebetse.Ka ho fokotseha ha tlhahiso ea sesole, indasteri ea lifofane ea US e ile ea batla menyetla e meng ea ho sebelisa boiphihlelo ba bona ba ho etsa aluminium, tšepe le polasetiki moruong oa kamora ntoa.
2. Post-WW II prefab aluminium le matlo a tšepe US
Tokollong ea la 2 Loetse 1946 eaLitaba tsa Bofofisiho ne ho e-na le sehlooho se reng “Indasteri ea Lifofane e Tla Etsa Matlo a Aluminium bakeng sa Bahlabani ba Ntoa,” e tlalehang tse latelang:
- Ho lebelletsoe hore haufinyane baetsi ba lifofane ba 22 le halofo ba tla kenya letsoho lenaneong la 'muso la ho haha matlo a khale.
- "Likhamphani tsa lifofane li tla tsepamisa maikutlo ho FHA (Federal Housing Administration) meralo e amohetsoeng ea aluminium le ho kopanngoa ha eona le plywood le insulation, ha lik'hamphani tse ling li tla haha li-prefabs ka tšepe le lisebelisoa tse ling.Meetso e tla fuoa bahlahisi. ”
- Hoo e ka bang lipampiri tsohle tsa aluminium tse setseng ka ntoa li sebelisitsoe bakeng sa ho rulela le ho kenya mahlakoreng mererong ea kaho e potlakileng;ha e le hantle ha ho le e 'ngoe e setseng bakeng sa lenaneo la prefab.Tsamaiso ea Tlhahiso ea Sechaba e fumane ho tsoa ho lintlha tsa FHA bakeng sa pampiri ea aluminium le lisebelisoa tse ling tse lokelang ho etsoa, mohlomong tlas'a lintho tse tlang pele.Boholo ba lakane ea aluminium bakeng sa prefabs e tla ba 12 ho isa ho 20 gauge - .019 - .051 inch."
Ka October 1946,Litaba tsa BofofisiMakasine o ile oa tlaleha, “Ntoa e sokelang ea aluminium bakeng sa bolulo, bakeng sa lifofane le lihlahisoa tse ngata-ngata tsa ka mor’a ntoa ka 1947 ha e nkeloe hloohong ke National Housing Agency, e ntseng e buisana le lik’hamphani tsa lifofane hore li hahe matlo a liphanele a aluminium a entsoeng esale pele ka lebelo la selemo le phahameng ho feta leo. 500. tlhahiso ea matlo ka 1947, haeba e atamela ho kopana le litlhahiso tsa NHA, e tla ba kholo ho feta tlhahiso ea bona ea lifofane, eo hona joale e hakantsoeng e ka tlaase ho $ 1 bilione bakeng sa 1946. "
Bofelong ba 1946, Molaoli oa FHA, Wilson Wyatt, o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea hore Wars Assets Administration (WAA), e ileng ea theoa ka Pherekhong 1946 ho lahla thepa le thepa e setseng ea mmuso, ka nakoana e hane lifeme tsa lifofane tse setseng ho hirisoa kapa thekiso le ho fana ka lifofane. bahlahisi ba ne ba khetha ho fumana lifeme tse setseng tsa nako ea ntoa tse ka fetoloang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea matlo ka bongata.WAA e ile ea lumela.
Tlas'a lenaneo la 'muso, bahlahisi ba ntlo ea prefab ba ka be ba sirelelitsoe ka lichelete ka tiiso ea FHA ea ho koahela 90% ea litšenyehelo, ho kenyelletsa le tšepiso ea Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) ea ho reka matlo leha e le afe a sa rekisoeng.
Baetsi ba lifofane ba bangata ba ile ba tšoara lipuisano tsa pele le FHA, ho akarelletsa: Douglas, McDonnell, Martin, Bell, Fairchild, Curtis-Wright, Consolidated-Vultee, North America, Goodyear le Ryan.Boeing ha a ka a kena lipuisanong tseo mme Douglas, McDonnell le Ryan ba tsoa kapele.Qetellong, baetsi ba lifofane ba bangata ba ne ba sa ikemisetsa ho inehela lenaneong la matlo a prefab ka mor'a ntoa, haholo-holo ka lebaka la matšoenyeho a bona a ho senya mekhoa ea bona ea feme ea lifofane e thehiloeng ho likhakanyo tse sa tsitsang tsa 'maraka tsa boholo le nako ea' maraka oa matlo a prefab le ho hloka konteraka e itseng. litlhahiso tse tsoang ho FHA le NHA.
Nyeoe ea pele ea khoebo bakeng sa matlo a aluminium ka mor'a ntoa le tšepe e entsoeng esale pele e ne e le hore li ka etsoa ka potlako ka bongata 'me li rekisoa ka chelete e ngata ka theko e tlaase ho feta matlo a tloaelehileng a entsoeng ka lehong.Ho feta moo, lik'hamphani tse etsang lifofane li ile tsa khutlisa karolo e 'ngoe ea mosebetsi o lahlehileng ka mor'a hore WW II e fele,' me ba sirelelitsoe khahlanong le boholo ba kotsi ea bona ea lichelete mererong ea ho etsa ntlo ea prefab.
Ha ho makatse hore ebe likonteraka tsa kaho le mekhatlo ea indasteri ea kaho li ne li le khahlanong le lenaneo lena la ho hlahisa ka bongata matlo a hahiloeng lifemeng, kaha sena se ne se tla tlosa khoebo indastering ea kaho.Metseng e mengata mekhatlo ea basebetsi e ne e ke ke ea lumella litho tsa eona ho kenya thepa e entsoeng esale pele.Litaba tse ling tse thatafatsang, melao ea meaho ea lehae le melao ea libaka li ne li sa tsamaellane le morero o moholo o reriloeng oa matlo a hlahisoang ka bongata, a entsoeng esale pele.
Ts'epo e kholo ea ho etsa le ho aha matlo a mangata a aluminium le a tšepe a post-WW II USA ha a so ka a phethahala.Sebakeng sa ho etsa makholo a likete tsa matlo ka selemo, baetsi ba bahlano ba latelang ba Amerika ba hlahisitse kakaretso ea matlo a macha a aluminium le tšepe a ka tlase ho 2,600 lilemong tse leshome tse latelang WW II: Beech Aircraft, Lincoln Houses Corp., Consolidated-Vultee, Lustron Corp. . le Aluminium Company of America (Alcoa).Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-prefabricators tse fanang ka matlo a mangata a tloaelehileng li ile tsa hlahisa kakaretso ea li-unit tsa 37,200 ka 1946 le 37,400 ka 1947. Tlhokahalo ea 'maraka e ne e le teng, empa eseng bakeng sa matlo a aluminium le tšepe.
US post-WW II e hahelletsoeng ka aluminium le matlo a tšepe
Baetsi bana ba US ha baa ka ba kenya letsoho ho thusa ho rarolla khaello ea matlo ea kamora WW II.Leha ho le joalo, matlo ana a aluminium le tšepe a ntse a eme e le mehlala ea bohlokoa ea matlo a theko e tlaase ao, tlas'a maemo a molemo, a ka hlahisoang ka bongata esita le kajeno ho thusa ho rarolla khaello e sa foleng ea matlo a theko e tlaase libakeng tse ngata tsa litoropo le tsa litoropo tsa US.
Tse ling tsa tlhokahalo ea matlo a US ka mor'a WW II e ile ea khotsofatsoa ke lekhalo la ho emisa, matlo a nakoana a sebelisa li-Quonset huts tsa tšepe tse neng li reriloe hape ka nako ea ntoa, matlo a sesole, matlo a nakoana a nang le foreimi e bobebe, litsi tsa bolulo tse nkehang, litereilara le "matlo a senyehang. ,” tse neng li etselitsoe ho qhaqha, ho suthisoa le ho kopanngoa hohle moo ho hlokahalang.U ka bala haholoanyane ka post-WW II stop gap housing in the US in Hartley Howe's March 1946 sengoloa ho Popular Science (sheba sehokelo se ka tlase).
Indasteri ea kaho e ile ea eketseha ka potlako ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše ho thusa ho finyella tlhokahalo ea bolulo ka matlo a tloaelehileng a hahiloeng ka nako e telele, 'me a mangata a ntse a hahoa lipampitšaneng tse kholo tsa matlo libakeng tsa litoropo tse ntseng li eketseha ka potlako.Pakeng tsa 1945 le 1952, Tsamaiso ea Veterans e tlaleha hore e tšehelitse likalimo tsa matlo tse ka bang limilione tse 24 bakeng sa bahlabani ba WW II.Bahlabani bana ba ile ba thusa ho nyolla beng ba matlo ba US ho tloha ho 43.6% ka 1940 ho isa ho 62% ka 1960.
Matlo a mabeli a ka mor'a WW II a US a entsoeng ka aluminium le tšepe a tsosolositsoe 'me a bontšoa ke sechaba limusiamong tse latelang:
- Ntlo e le 'ngoe feela e setseng ea Dymaxion House e bontšoa Musiamong oa Henry Ford oa American Innovation o Dearborn, Michigan.Khokahanyo ea pontšo eo e mona:https://www.thehenryford.org/visit/henry-ford-museum/exhibits/dymaxion-house/
- Lustron #549, mohlala oa Westchester Deluxe 02, o bontšoa Musiamong oa Ohio History Center o Columbus, Ohio.Webosaete ea museum e teng mona:https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/exhibits/ohio-history-center-exhibits
Ntle le moo, o ka etela matlo a 'maloa a WW II Quonset Setsing sa pokello ea nalane ea Seabees le Memorial Park e North Kingstown, Rhode Island.Ha ho le e 'ngoe e apereng joalo ka folete ea baahi ea kamora WW II.Webosaete ea museum e teng mona:https://www.seabeesmuseum.com
U tla fumana tlhaiso-leseling e batsi lingolong tsa ka mabapi le matlo a aluminium le a tšepe a US ka mor'a WW II ho lihokelo tse latelang:
- War surplus steel Quonset huts:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Quonset-huts-converted.pdf
- Beech Aircraft & R. Buckminster Fuller's aluminium Dymaxion house:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Beech-Aircraft-Buckminster-Fuller-Dymaxion-house-converted.pdf
- Matlo a aluminium a Lincoln Houses Corp:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Lincoln-Houses-Corp-aluminum-panel-house-converted.pdf
- Matlo a kopaneng a aluminium ea Vultee:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Consolidated-Vultee-aluminum-panel-Fleet-House-converted.pdf
- Matlo a tšepe a Lustron Corp:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Lustron-Corporation-steel-house-converted.pdf
- Alcoa's Care-Free matlo a aluminium:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Alcoa-aluminum-Care-Free-Home-converted.pdf
3. Post-WW II prefab aluminium le matlo a tšepe UK
Qetellong ea WW II Europe (VE Day ke 8 May 1945), UK e ile ea tobana le khaello e matla ea matlo ha mabotho a bona a sesole a khutlela hae naheng e neng e lahlehetsoe ke matlo a ka bang 450,000 ka lebaka la tšenyo ea nako ea ntoa.
Ka la 26 Hlakubele 1944, Winston Churchill o ile a fana ka puo ea bohlokoa a ts'episa hore UK e tla etsa matlo a 500,000 a hahiloeng esale pele ho rarolla khaello ea matlo e tlang.Hamorao selemong sena, Paramente e ile ea fetisa Molao oa Matlo (Temporary Accommodation) Act, 1944, e qosang Lekala la Tsosoloso ka ho hlahisa tharollo bakeng sa khaello ea matlo e ntseng e atamela le ho fana ka li-unit tsa 300,000 nakong ea lilemo tse 10, ka tekanyetso ea limilione tse 150.
Molao o fane ka maano a 'maloa, ho kenyeletsoa kaho ea matlo a nakoana, a hahiloeng esale pele a nang le bophelo bo reriloeng ho fihla ho lilemo tse 10.Lenaneo la Nakwana la Matlo (THP) le ne le tsejwa ka molao e le lenaneo la matlo la Emergency Factory Made (EFM).Litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tse entsoeng ke Lekala la Mesebetsi (MoW) li ne li hloka hore likarolo tsohle tsa EFM li be le litšobotsi tse itseng, tse kenyeletsang:
- Sebaka se tlase sa 635 sqft (59 m2)
- Bophara bo phahameng ba li-module tsa 7.5 feet (2.3 m) ho nolofalletsa lipalangoang ho pholletsa le naha.
- Kenya ts'ebetsong mohopolo oa MoW oa "sebaka sa ts'ebeletso," se neng se behile kichine le kamore ea ho hlapela ka morao ho isa morao ho nolofatsa lipeipi tsa metsi le lithapo tsa motlakase le ho nolofatsa tlhahiso ea feme ea yuniti.
- Fektheri e pentiloeng, e nang le "magnolia" (e mosehla-tšoeu) e le 'mala oa mantlha le botala bo benyang joalo ka' mala oa trim.
Ka 1944, Lekala la Mesebetsi la UK le ile la tšoara pontšo ea sechaba Tate Gallery e London ea mefuta e mehlano ea matlo a nakoana a hahiloeng esale pele.
- Sebaka sa pele sa Portal-steel prototype bungalow
- AIROH (Aircraft Industries Research Organisation on Housing) bungalow ea aluminium, e entsoeng ka thepa e setseng ea sefofane.
- Bungalow e entsoeng ka tšepe ea Arcon e nang le liphanele tsa konkreite ea asbestos.Sebopeho sena se ile sa ikamahanya le sebopeho sa Portal sa tšepe eohle.
- Meralo e 'meli e entsoeng ka foreimi ea mapolanka, e leng Tarran le Uni-Seco
Pontšo ena e tummeng e ile ea boela ea tšoaroa ka 1945 London.
Litaba tsa ketane ea thepa li ile tsa liehisa ho qala ha lenaneo la EFM.Portal ea tšepe eohle e ile ea lahloa ka Phato 1945 ka lebaka la khaello ea tšepe.Bohareng ba 1946, khaello ea patsi e ile ea ama bahlahisi ba bang ba prefab.Ka bobeli matlo a AIROH le Arcon a ne a tobane le keketseho e neng e sa lebelloa ea tlhahiso le litšenyehelo tsa kaho, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore li-bungalows tsena tsa nakoana li turu ho feta ho aha matlo a mapolanka le a litene.
Tlas'a Lenaneo la Lend-Lease le phatlalalitsoeng ka Hlakola 1945, US e ile ea lumela ho fa UK ka li-bungalows tse hahiloeng US tse hahiloeng ka lehong tse tsejoang ka hore ke UK 100. Tlhahiso ea pele e ne e le ea li-unit tsa 30,000, tse ileng tsa fokotsoa ho isa ho 8,000.Tumellano ena ea Lend-Lease e ile ea fela ka Phato 1945 ha UK e qala ho eketsa tlhahiso ea eona ea matlo a hahiloeng esale pele.Li-prefabs tsa pele tsa UK tse 100 tse hahiloeng ka US li fihlile mafelong a Mots'eanong / mathoasong a Phuptjane 1945.
Lenaneo la UK la kaho ea matlo ka mor'a ntoa le ile la atleha haholo, la fana ka matlo a macha a ka bang limilione tse 1.2 pakeng tsa 1945 le 1951. Nakong ena ea kaho, matlo a nakoana a 156,623 a mefuta eohle a ile a fanoa tlas'a lenaneo la EFM, le ileng la fela ka 1949, ho fana ka matlo bakeng sa bolulo. batho ba ka bang halofo ea milione.Tse fetang 92,800 tsa tsena e ne e le li-bungalows tsa nakoana tsa aluminium le tšepe.AIROH aluminium bungalow e ne e le mohlala o tummeng ka ho fetisisa oa EFM, o lateloa ke bungalow ea tšepe ea Arcon le foreimi ea lehong Uni-Seco.Ho feta moo, matlo a fetang 48,000 a aluminiamo le tšepe a sa feleng a hahiloe ke AW Hawksley le BISF nakong eo.
Ha ho bapisoa le palo e nyenyane haholo ea aluminium ea ka mor'a ntoa le matlo a tšepe a hahiloeng US, tlhahiso ea ka mor'a ntoa ea li-prefabs tsa aluminium le tšepe UK e ile ea atleha haholo.
Sengoliloeng sa la 25 Phuptjane 2018 ho Manchester Evening News, sengoli Chris Osuh o tlaleha hore, "Ho nahanoa hore lipakeng tsa 6 kapa 7,000 tsa li-prefabs tsa kamora ntoa li ntse li le UK… .." Prefab Museum e boloka 'mapa o kopaneng oa tšebelisano e tsebahalang. Libaka tsa post-WW II prefab house UK ka sehokelo se latelang:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/map
Sets'oants'o sa 'mapa oa Prefab Museum (ho sa kenyeletsoe li-prefabs tse Shetlands, tse hlahang kaholimo ho skrini sena).
UK, boemo ba Kereiti ea II bo bolela hore sebopeho se bohlokoa sechabeng ebile se na le thahasello e khethehileng.Ke li-prefabs tse 'maloa feela tsa ka mor'a ntoa tse fuoeng boemo e le thepa e thathamisitsoeng ea Sehlopha sa II:
- Sebakeng sa Phoenix steel frame bungalows e hahiloeng ka 1945 ho Wake Green Road, Moseley, Birmingham, matlo a 16 ho a 17 a ile a fuoa maemo a Kereiti ea II ka 1998.
- Li-bungalows tse tšeletseng tsa Uni-Seco lehong tse hahiloeng ka 1945 - 46 Excalibur Estate, Lewisham, London li ile tsa fuoa boemo ba Grade II ka 2009. Ka nako eo, Excalibur Estates e ne e e-na le palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea li-prefabs tsa WW II UK: 187 kakaretso, ea mefuta e mengata.
Li-prefabs tse 'maloa tsa ka mor'a ntoa li bolokiloe limusiamong UK 'me li fumaneha ho etela.
- Musiamo oa Sechaba oa Histori oa St. FagansCardiff, South Wales: AIROH B2 e neng e hahiloe qalong haufi le Cardiff ka 1947 e ile ea qhaqha 'me ea isoa sebakeng sa eona sa morao-rao sa musiamo ka 1998 'me ea buloa ho sechaba ka 2001. U ka bona AIROH B2 ena mona:https://museum.wales/stfagans/buildings/prefab/
- Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildingsin Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire: U ka bona 1946 Arcon Mk V mona:https://avoncroft.org.uk/avoncrofts-work/historic-buildings/
- Rural Life Living MuseumTilford, Farnham, Surrey: Lipontšo tsa bona li kenyelletsa Arcon Mk V mona:https://rural-life.org.uk/explore-discover/our-exhibits/
- Chiltern Open Air Museum (COAM)Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire: Pokello ea bona e kenyelletsa foreimi ea lehong Universal House Mark 3 prefab e entsoeng ke Universal Housing Company ea Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire.Prefab ena e hahiloe ka 1947 Finch Lane Estate e Amersham.U ka bona "Amersham Prefab" mona:https://www.coam.org.uk/museum-buckinghamshire/historic-buildings/amersham-prefab/
- Imperial War MuseumDuxford, Cambridgeshire: Pokello e kenyelletsa prefab ea lehong ea Uni-Seco e tlositsoeng London:https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30084361
Ke nahana hore Musiamo oa Prefab ke mohloli o motle ka ho fetisisa oa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le li-prefabs tsa UK post-WW II.Ha e ne e thehoa ka Hlakubele 2014 ke Elisabeth Blanchet (mongoli oa libuka le lingoliloeng tse 'maloa tse mabapi le li-prefabs tsa UK) le Jane Hearn, Musiamo oa Prefab o ne o e-na le lehae la ona sebakeng se se nang motho Excalibur Estate ka boroa ho London.Kamora mollo ka Mphalane 2014, musiamo oa 'mele o ile oa koaloa empa o tsoetse pele morero oa ona oa ho bokella le ho rekota mehopolo, linepe le lihopotso, tse hlahisoang inthaneteng ka webosaete ea Prefab Museum sehokelong se latelang:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk
U tla fumana tlhaiso-leseling e batsi lingoloeng tsa ka mabapi le matlo a aluminium le a tšepe a UK a post-WW II a entsoeng ka pele ho lihokelo tse latelang:
- Portal steel prototype bungalows tsa nakoana:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Portal-steel-bungalow-converted.pdf
- Li-bungalows tsa nakoana tsa Arcon steel frame:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Arcon-steel-frame-bungalow-converted.pdf
- AIROH aluminium bungalows ea nakoana:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/AIROH-aluminum-bungalow-converted.pdf
- Li-bungalows tsa nakoana tsa Phoenix steel frame:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Phoenix-steel-frame-bungalow-converted.pdf
- BISF tšepe foreimi matlo a duplex a sa feleng:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/British-Iron-Steel-Federation-BISF-house-converted.pdf
- AW Hawksley aluminium matlo a sa feleng:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/AW-Hawksley-aluminum-bungalow-converted.pdf
4. Post-WW II prefab aluminium le matlo a tšepe Fora
Qetellong ea WW II, Fora, joalo ka UK, e ne e e-na le khaello e matla ea matlo ka lebaka la palo e kholo ea matlo le lifolete tse senyehileng kapa tse senyehileng nakong ea lilemo tsa ntoa, khaello ea kaho e ncha nakong eo, le khaello ea thepa ea ho tšehetsa tse ncha. kaho kamora ntoa.
Ho thusa ho imolla khaello e 'ngoe ea matlo ka 1945, Letona la Kaho E ncha ea Fora le Urbanism, Jean Monnet, o ile a reka matlo a 8,000 UK 100 a hahiloeng esale pele ao UK e neng e a fumane ho tsoa US tlasa tumellano ea Lend-Lease.Li ile tsa hahoa Hauts de France (haufi le Belgium), Normandy le Brittany, moo tse ngata li ntseng li sebelisoa le kajeno.
Lekala la Tsosoloso le Meralo ea Litoropo le thehile litlhokahalo tsa bolulo ba nakoana bakeng sa batho ba balehileng mahaeng a bona ka lebaka la ntoa.Har'a litharollo tsa pele tse ileng tsa batloa e ne e le matlo a hahiloeng esale pele a boholo ba 6 x 6 metres (19.6 x 19.6 feet);hamorao e ile ea atolosoa ho 6 × 9 limithara (19.6 x 29.5 maoto).
Matlo a nakoana a ka bang 154,000 (Mafora a neng a bitsoa ka nako eo “baraques”), ka meralo e mengata e fapaneng, a ile a ahoa Fora lilemong tsa ka mor’a ntoa, haholo-holo ka leboea-bophirimela ho Fora ho tloha Dunkirk ho ea Saint-Nazaire.Tse ngata li ile tsa romelloa ho tsoa Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria le Canada.
Motšehetsi ea ka sehloohong oa ho etsoa ha aluminium le matlo a tšepe a Fora e ne e le Jean Prouvé, ea faneng ka tharollo e ncha bakeng sa "ntlo e ka senyehang," e neng e ka hahoa habonolo 'me hamorao ea "theoleloa"' me ea fallisetsoa sebakeng se seng ha ho hlokahala."Foreimi ea portal" ea tšepe e kang "portal frame" e ne e le mohaho o jereng mojaro oa ntlo, oo marulelo a atisang ho etsoa ka aluminium, le liphanele tse ka ntle tse entsoeng ka lehong, aluminium kapa thepa e kopantsoeng.Tse ngata tsa tsona li entsoe ka boholo bo kopiloeng ke Lekala la Kaho Bocha.Nakong ea ketelo ea Prouvé’s Maxéville workshop ka 1949, Eugène Claudius-Petit, eo ka nako eo e neng e le Letona la Tsosoloso le Tsamaiso ea Litoropo, o ile a hlalosa boikemisetso ba hae ba ho khothalletsa tlhahiso ea indasteri ea “matlo a moruo a sa tsoa qaptjoa.”
Kajeno, matlo a mangata a Prouvé a senyehang a aluminium le tšepe a bolokiloe ke litsebi tsa meralo le babokelli ba litšoantšo Patrick Seguin (Galerie Patrick Seguin) le Éric Touchaleaume (Galerie 54 le la Friche l'Escalette).Matlo a Leshome a Prouvé's Standard le matlo a hae a mane a matso a Maison a hahiloeng lipakeng tsa 1949 - 1952 ke bolulo ba nts'etsopele e nyane e tsejoang e le.Cité"Sans souci,” motseng oa Paris oa Muedon.
Bolulo ba Prouvé's 1954 le workshop ea hae e fallisitsoeng ka 1946 li bulehetse baeti ho tloha mafelo-bekeng a pele a Phuptjane ho isa mafelong a beke a ho qetela ka Loetse Nancy, Fora.Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy e na le e 'ngoe ea pokello e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea lintho tse entsoeng ke Prouvé.
Mongoli Elisabeth Blanchet o tlaleha hore musiamo “Mémoire de Soye o khonne ho aha bocha 'baraques' tse tharo tse fapaneng: ea UK 100, ea Sefora le ea Canada.Li nchafatsoa ka thepa ea ka tlung ho tloha nakong ea ntoa le hang ka mor'a ntoa.Mémoire de Soye ke eona feela musiamo oa Fora moo o ka etelang libaka tsa pele tsa ntoa. ”Musiamo o teng Lorient, Brittany.Webosaete ea bona (ka Sefora) e mona:http://www.soye.org
U tla fumana tlhaiso-leseling e batsi mabapi le matlo a aluminium le tšepe a Fora ka mor'a WW II sengoloeng sa ka se mabapi le matlo a helehang a Jean Prouvé sehokelong se latelang:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Jean-Prouvé-demountable-houses-converted.pdf
5. Qetellong
Naheng ea Amerika, tlhahiso e kholo ea ka mor'a ntoa ea matlo a aluminium le litšepe tse entsoeng esale pele ha ea ka ea fetoha.Lustron e ne e le moetsi e moholo ka ho fetisisa ea nang le matlo a 2,498.UK, ho ile ha hahoa li-bungalows tsa aluminium le tšepe tsa nakoana tse fetang 92,800 e le karolo ea moaho oa ka mor'a ntoa o ileng oa fana ka kakaretso ea matlo a nakoana a 156,623 a mefuta eohle pakeng tsa 1945 le 1949, ha lenaneo le fela.Fora, makholo a aluminium le matlo a tšepe a ile a hahoa ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše, 'me a mangata a ne a sebelisoa e le matlo a nakoana bakeng sa batho ba balehileng mahae ka lebaka la ntoa.Menyetla ea ho hlahisa matlo a joalo ka bongata ha ea ka ea hlaha Fora.
Ho haella ha katleho ho la US ho hlahile linthong tse 'maloa, ho kenyelletsa:
- Litšenyehelo tse holimo tsa ho theha mohala oa tlhahiso e ngata bakeng sa matlo a hahiloeng, esita le fekthering e kholo, e setseng ea nako ea ntoa e neng e fumaneha ho moetsi oa ntlo ka mekhoa e metle ea lichelete.
- Ketane ea phepelo e sa phethahalang ho ts'ehetsa feme ea tlhahiso ea matlo (ke hore, ho hlokahala barekisi ba fapaneng ho feta feme ea mehleng ea lifofane).
- Lithekiso tse sa sebetseng hantle tsa thekiso, kabo le phano bakeng sa matlo a entsoeng.
- Melao ea meaho e fapaneng, e sa lokisoang ea lehae le melaoana ea libaka e ile ea ema tseleng ea ho theha le ho aha meralo e tloaelehileng, matlo ao e seng a tloaelehileng.
- Khanyetso e tsoang ho mekhatlo ea kaho le basebetsi ba neng ba sa batle ho lahleheloa ke mosebetsi ka lebaka la matlo a hlahisoang ke lifeme.
- Ke moetsi a le mong feela, Lustron, ea hlahisitseng matlo a prefab ka lipalo tse kholo mme a ka rua molemo moruong oa tlhahiso ea bongata.Baetsi ba bang ba ile ba hlahisa ka bongata bo fokolang hoo ba neng ba sitoa ho etsa phetoho ho tloha ho tlhahiso ea mesebetsi ea matsoho ho ea ho tlhahiso e ngata.
- Litsenyehelo tsa tlhahiso li eketsehile li fokotsehile kapa tsa felisa molemo oa theko ea pele o boletsoeng esale pele bakeng sa matlo a aluminium le a tšepe, esita le bakeng sa Lustron.Ba ne ba ke ke ba qothisana lehlokoa le matlo a hahiloeng ka tloaelo a tšoanang le a bona.
- Tabeng ea Lustron, liqoso tsa bobolu ba likhoebo li ile tsa etsa hore Mokhatlo oa Reconstruction Finance Corporation o fane ka chelete ea ho alima chelete ea Lustron, e leng se ileng sa qobella feme hore e oele ka potlako.
Ho tsoa lithutong tsena tsa ka mor'a WW II, 'me ka thahasello e nchafalitsoeng ho "matlo a manyane", ho bonahala eka ho tlameha ho ba le khoebo bakeng sa feme ea sejoale-joale, e bobebe, e bohlale bakeng sa tlhahiso e tlase ea theko e tlase ea matlo a tšoarellang a hahiloeng esale pele. ho tloha aluminium, tšepe, le/kapa lisebelisoa tse ling.Matlo ana a hahiloeng esale pele a ka ba boholo bo itekanetseng, a sejoale-joale, a khahleha, a baballa matla (a tiisitsoe ka LEED), 'me a ka etsoa ka mokhoa o itseng ha a ntse a hlompha moralo o tloaelehileng.Matlo ana a lokela ho etsetsoa tlhahiso ea bongata le ho lula libakeng tse nyane litoropong le litoropong.Ke lumela hore ho na le 'maraka o moholo US bakeng sa mofuta ona oa matlo a theko e tlaase, haholo-holo e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le khaello ea bolulo e sa feleng ea theko e tlaase libakeng tse ngata tsa litoropo le tsa litoropo.Leha ho le joalo, ho ntse ho e-na le litšitiso tse kholo tse lokelang ho hlōloa, haholo-holo moo mekhatlo ea basebetsi ba indasteri ea kaho e ka emang tseleng, le California, moo ho seng motho ea tla batla ntlo e itekanetseng e hahiloeng pela McMansion ea bona.
U ka khoasolla kopi ea pdf ea poso ena, ntle le ho kenyelletsa lingoliloeng ka bomong, mona:
https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Post-WW-II-aluminium-steel-prefab-houses-converted.pdf
6. Bakeng sa boitsebiso bo eketsehileng
Mathata a matlo a US ka mor'a WW II le matlo a hahiloeng esale pele:
- Kaho Nakong ea Lilemo tsa Ntoa - 1942 - 45, Lefapha la Basebetsi la US, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 915:https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_0915_1948.pdf
- Hartley Howe, “Stopgap Housing,” Popular Science, maq. 66-71, March 1946:https://books.google.com/books?id=PSEDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
- William Remington, "The Veterans Emergency Housing Programme," Molao le Mathata a Sejoale-joale, Tšitoe 1946:https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2295&context=lcp
- "Veterans Emergency Housing Report," National Housing Agency, Office of the Housing Expediter, Vol.1, Nos. 2 to 8, July 1946 to January 1947, e fumaneha ho baloa Inthaneteng ka Libuka tsa Google:https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Q_jjCy0570QC&hl=en&pg=GBS.RA1-PA1
- Blaine Stubblefield, "Indasteri ea Lifofane e Tla Etsa Matlo a Aluminium bakeng sa Li-Veterans," Aviation News, Moq.6, No. 10, 2 September 1946 (e fumaneha ho Aviation Week & Space Technology archive online archive magazine)
- "Ntoa ea Aluminium e Fokotsoeng ke NHA," Makasine ea Aviation News, leq.22, 14 Mphalane 1946 (e fumaneha ho Aviation Week & Space Technology polokelong ea marang-rang)
- Ante Lee (AL) Carr, "A Practical Guide to Prefabricated Houses", Harper & Brothers, 1947, e fumaneha inthaneteng ka mongolo ka Internet Archive sehokelong se latelang:https://archive.org/stream/ALCarrApracticalguidetoprefabricatedhouses0001/ALCarrApracticalguidetoprefabricatedhouses0001_djvu.txt
- Burnham Kelly, "The Prefabrication of Houses - A Study by Albert Farwell Bemis Foundation of the Prefabrication Industry in the United States," Technology Press of MIT le John Wiley & Sons, 1951:http://www.survivorlibrary.com/library/the_prefabrication_of_houses_1951.pdf
- "Catalogue of House Building Systems," Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, Canada,1960:https://dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/files/Catalogue_of_House_Building_Construction_Systems_1960_0.pdf
- Keller Easterling le Richard Prelinger, "E bitse Lehae: Ntlo eo Khoebo e Ikemetseng," The Voyager Company 1992:http://www.columbia.edu/cu/gsapp/projs/call-it-home/html/
Mathata a matlo a UK ka mor'a WW II le lehae le etselitsoeng pele:
- Elisabeth Blanchet, "Prefab Homes," Shire Library (Buka ea 788), 21 October 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0747813576
- Elisabeth Blanchet, "A Farewell to Britain's Prefab WWII Bungalows," Atlas Obscure, 26 April 2017:https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/excalibur-estate-prefab-homes
- Elisabeth Blanchet, Sonia Zhuravlyova, "Prefabs - Histori ea sechaba le ea meralo, " Historic England, 15 September 2018, ISBN-13: 978-1848023512
- Jane Hearn, "The Prefab Museum Education Pack - Post War Prefabs," The Prefab Museum, 2018:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/education-pack-2
- Chris Osuh, "Ho khutla ha prefab: Na matlo a 'flat-pack' a ka rarolla bothata ba matlo a Manchester?," Manchester Evening News, 25 June 2018:https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/return-prefab-could-flat-pack-14818763
- "Prefabs United Kingdom," 12 Mmesa 2018:https://wikiaboutdoll.blogspot.com/2018/04/prefabs-in-united-kingdom.html
- "E ntle haholo," Histori ea Engelane le Google Arts & Culture,https://arthandculture.google.com/exhibit/1QLyNUcHxjFSIA
- "Nalane ea Bolulo ba Lekhotla," Karolo ea 3, "Ho Kopana le Khaello ea Bolulo ea Ka mor'a Ntoa," Univesithi ea Bophirimela ea Engelane, Bristol, UK:http://fet.uwe.ac.uk/conweb/house_ages/council_housing/print.htm
Tlokotsi ea matlo a Fora ka mor'a WW II le matlo a hahiloeng esale pele:
- Elisabeth Blanchet, "Prefabs in France," Prefab Museum (UK), 2016:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/prefabs-in-france
- Nicole C. Rudolph, "Lapeng ka mor'a Ntoa ea Fora - Matlo a Kajeno a 'Misa le Tokelo ea ho Tšelisa," Berghahn Monographs ka Lithuto tsa Sefora (Buka ea 14), Berghahn Books, March 2015, ISBN-13: 978-1782385875.Selelekela sa buka ena se fumaneha inthaneteng sehokelong se latelang:https://berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/RudolphAt_intro.pdf
- Kenny Cupers, "The Social Project: Housing Postwar France," University Of Minnesota Press, May 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0816689651
Nako ea poso: Dec-12-2022